Biodiversity in Northeast NJ - Ramapo Mountains

The NE corner of NJ is dominated by Bergen County and its well known development.  But not far from the George Washington Bridge, the semi-tamed  Ramapo Mountains bevel up through the western edge of the county.  Many years ago locals spread grain around summit peaks to catch Passenger Pigeons and today wildlife struggles to avoid that specie's flight into oblivion.

Looking at the green palette used to denote this large open space on maps, the area, including the edge of Passaic County gives one hope of a quality outdoor experience.  During late spring and early summer I hiked into the valleys and mountains from an assortment of starting points. Certainly the area is the most scenic and biodiverse section of the county.

 An hour from the lots one feels the wilderness experience developing as other people become scarce. The most impressive viewscapes are from the tops of the rounded peaks on the Passaic/Bergen County border and at Bear Swamp Lake.

After a few progressively longer and better planned hikes the remaining biological treasures are slowly discovered while missing members of the natural community are just that...........gone.

Gradually one gets a taste of what species are present in acceptable numbers.  Every half-mile a signing male Worm-eating Warbler's insect like trill is heard (above).  Over fifteen were found and no doubt there are at least one hundred pairs remaining in the larger area.

American Redstarts (above) are present in good numbers; a few hundred breeding pairs are no doubt feeding on the acceptable insect biomass of the forest.  Ovenbirds (2 above) sing in the scores and here and there, in appropriate habitat, are a few Blue-winged (2 below), Black-and-White, Yellow, Louisiana Waterthrushes, Prairie Warblers (below) and Common Yellowthroats.

Some frugivores are in low numbers. The expected breeding forest thrushes, Wood Thrush and Veery are sparse.  Blueberry plants are numerous but the flute-like song of even one Hermit Thrush is absent. In 2006 our survey team was surprised to find a few Hermit Thrushes singing in Earle Naval Base in Monmouth County, NJ surrounded by blueberry patches under the pines.  And of course the species sings on in various places in N NJ similar to the Ramapo Mts.

And where are the Northern Waterthrushes, Hooded, Black-throated Green, Canada, Nashville, Parula, Chestnut-sided, Pine and Golden-winged Warblers?  Are we seeing the same compounding ecological problems of invasive plant species, over browse by White-tailed Deer, Brown-headed Cowbird, excessive multiple use, unneeded trails and fragmentation that we see in other NJ counties?  Probably.

Wood Ducks, White-breasted Nuthatches, Downy, Hairy, Red-bellied and Pileated Woodpeckers, Yellow-billed Cuckoos, Red-eyed Vireos (2 below), Eastern Wood Pewees, Great Crested Flycatchers, an Acadian Flycatcher (nest found), Cedar Waxwings, Scarlet Tanagers (below), Brown-headed Cowbirds, Northern Cardinals (4 below), Chipping Sparrows (5 below) and other species were noted.

Although several species of herps were found they seem to be in low numbers; some local extirpations may be developing.  The highlights were a large Timber Rattlesnake (well below), striking Eastern Garter Snake (2 below), Five-lined Skinks, Red Efts (below) and Wood Frogs.

One is immediately dissappointed by the baffling and excessive number of trails and roads penetrating the various Ringwood and Ramapo open spaces. Just about every body of water, even the small ones are completely ringed by trails. Some paths are for mountain biking but its all poorly marked.  I couldn't figure out which trail was safe from approaching bikes to feel comfortable losing myself while binning the canopy.

 Bikers were observed in wetland areas and off allowed trails.  Anastomosing roads for emergency response or maintenance are numerous; these gaps are all attractive travel "prairies" and expedient sight lines for Brown-headed Cowbirds, a brood parasite. 

Between the sparse vehicles and frequent bikes there is undoubtedly direct herptile mortality. The road hardpack allows surface water to linger for weeks which unfortunately attracts courting and egg laying amphibians with mostly poor results.

 

A hundred plus acres of manicured grasses in Ringwood Manor State Park and the Botanical Garden are unnatural feeding grounds for White-tailed Deer and feral Canada Geese. The forest's deer browse line was severest nearest these blankets of food; invasive plants are spreading since deer prefer natives.

The ponds near the visitor center which might be able to support State Endangered, Pied-billed Grebes instead are occupied with aggressive Canada  Geese which in general preclude grebes and other native species from breeding. 

Invasives like Japanese barberry (below) covered many acres. Berberis thunbergii forms dense stands in various US habitats including canopy forests, open woodlands, wetlands, pastures, and meadows.  It alters soil ecology by raising pH and changing nitrogen levels.  Once in a forest, barberry displaces native plants and reduces wildlife habitat and forage.

White-tailed deer apparently avoid browsing barberry, preferring to feed on native plants, giving barberry a competitive advantage. In New Jersey's open space, Japanese barberry has been found to raise soil pH and reduce the depth of the importnat leaf and top soil layer.

Together these seemingly small impacts have and will continue to lead to local extirpations.  A call to the park's supervisor to find out more on these issues informed me of personnel cuts and the lack of any local biological staff to address ecological issues. 

Regardless of problems the Ramapo Mountains contain substantial biodiversity with the potential for restoration and improvement with citizen input.  Local academics and NBP are interested in teaming with citizens or students to work on solutions.  Contact us if interested in discussing pragmatic projects that will help biodiversity and animals ( NBP@comcast.net ).

After reaching the more secluded habitats of the Ramapo Mts. a careful search was made and a very healthy Timber Rattlesnake with 12 rattles was located. 

The  Ramapo Mountains are a beautiful but threatened asset of NJ. 

NBP would like to thank F. Virrazzi for submitting this article and  B. Rothauser, S. Elowitz and F. Virrazzi for the pictures which are their copyright and/or NBP's.

Hurricane Irene and the NJ Meadowlands, Wilson's Stom Petrel New Species?

During hurricanes moral conflicts of the birding community are laid bare as shown on various discussion boards.  There are complex counter currents, such as people, animals and birds suffer and perish yet rarely encountered bird species can be seen from land.  These offshore, deep water pelagics and sometimes extralimital passerines from foreign lands and low latitudes suddenly can appear in your patch or state.

Here one can see the time video of the entire hurricane path:

http://www.nnvl.noaa.gov/MediaDetail.php?MediaID=821&MediaTypeID=2

Heading out on the road can endanger yourself and trip mates and can slow emergency response needed by others.  Regardless one can carefully prepare to meet various responsibilities and see some unusual birds during these weather events.

The day before Irene clouds were growing and birds were actively feeding in the Meadowlands.

The rain started the day before the hurricane and splatted the mud around this egret.

Early Sunday, 8/28 during a rain gap in the spirals of Hurricane Irene I struggled to reach a few areas in the NJ Meadowlands.  Valley Brook Ave was flooded up to 4 feet deep, well short of DeKorte Park.  Here is the water with a shorebird on the blacktop.

Noticeable were numerous insects crawling on the pavement with Least Sandpipers and Greater Yellowlegs feeding on them.

Then a pull over at Berry Creek, south of Route 3 Eastbound produced and Wilson's Storm Petrel followed by two more on the Hackensack River W of Laurel Hill Park in both Bergen and Hudson Counties. The river was choppy with 25 mph winds.

Above picture cropped:

Possibly a different individual.

The characteristics seen in the above pictures together with field observations eliminated Band-rumped Storm Petrel and Leach's.  Specifically hopping/dancing flight, long legs, relatively pronounced white upper wing stripes, and tulip shaped, unbroken, white rump patch.

Wilson's Stom Petrel has certainly been recorded in Hudson and perhaps Bergen County, NJ before but these could be the first sightings for Berry Creek and this far up the Hackensack River.

Mill Creek Marsh, Secaucus was next but only skimmers were seen; the entire 200 acre site was underwater.  This is another example of the need for most wetland restoration projects to construct multiple  areas above extreme flooding levels.  This refugia will stave off local extirpations of small, terrestrial tetrapods which occupy basic trophic levels.

For example the low relief wetlands of the lower Rahway River are encroached by development.  Multiple high water events have damaged biodiversity; this is reflected by the low winter useage of the area by Rough-legged Hawks and Short-eared Owls which find little prey.      

Note that some of the birches had lost their leaves weeks prior due to the stress of the July heat wave we had.  Unusual weather patterns seem less unusual in the last few years.

Soon after I was off to Cape May arriving Sunday afternoon. Sandwich Terns like this one and several other species were about.

The beaches were empty due to the evacuation order.

Thanks To M. Weaver for backup camera help.

Brown Shrike from Asia visits California...and sightings of other animals.

A Brown Shrike,  Lanius cristatus is a Eurasian bird species; it is extremely rare for individuals to stray to North America. Like most other shrikes, it has a distinctive black "bandit-mask" through the eye and is found mainly in open scrub habitats, where it perches on the tops of thorny bushes in search of prey.

Several populations form distinctive subspecies which breed in temperate Eurasia and migrate to their usual winter quarters in tropical Asia.  This bird was visiting a coastal band of freshwater ponds with grasses, cattails and willow. 

Los Angeles



Mountains of N. California

This is the third record in California, with a handful of other North American records in Alaska and one in Nova Scotia.  The bird had been there for weeks and Gary Lindquist and Jeff Marszal were quick to spot the bird the day I arrived on Clam Beach, McKinleyville, California.

The bird is much more difficult to observe on cool, cloudy or wet days and we witnessed a correlation of activity with sunshine, as the bird sallied for suddenly active insects.  Gary mentioned he believed frogs may be taken also and many were calling in the coastal freshwater ponds.

The bird frequents this shrubby vegetation.

Brown Shrike (c) Gary Linquist

Here is a link to more on NA records of the Brown Shrike.

http://www.chebucto.ns.ca/Environment/NHR/Shrike/photographs.html


American Pipit

Elephant Seals (c) Gary Linquist

Brewer's Blackbird, female



Brewer's Blackbird, male



Black Oystercatcher (c) Gary Linquist

Six Rivers National Forest

After leaving the coast a nice stream was explored in Six Rivers National Forest that held a jittery American Dipper.

American Dipper

Bean Goose, Taiga subspecies (c) Gary Linquist

The middle bird was at Salton Sea in SW California in late 2010- early 2011. I was able to get to the inland sea due to snow delays in the east that gave me an unexpected day in S Cal.  This subspecies may be split into a separate species from other forms that have been seen in Alaska in the past.





Coast Redwood - The Global King of Biodiversity

The Coast Redwood is the tallest species on earth, forming forest stands of unsurpassed biomass.  Sequoia sempervens (ever living), was probably named in honor of the Cherokee leader Sequoyah of Tennessee.  It reaches 379 feet with a base diameter of 22 feet and can live to 2,000 years.

The largest individual tree was discovered only in 2006 during a survey of a remote section of Redwood National Park in NW California.  Below there is a video of the record tree being measured.

I met with Jeff Marszal, a Resource Management Specialist to plan upcoming NBP projects and we were able to visit this incredible park.  He had told me about the difficult forest survey conditions, with steep slopes, dark conditions, wet understrory and fallen logs 20 feet high and 200 feet long.  It was time consuming, but worth it to hike through this Biosphere Preserve with the sky blocked out by massive tree after tree.

This is an ancient community, dominated by taxa and biodiversity from the Age of Dinosaurs, such as mosses, ferns, conifers, spiders, fish and amphibians.  Warm air from the land passes over the inshore waters forming fog that precipitates out on the vegetation like it once did in most of North America when moist, redwood like forests were dominated by giant reptiles.



Elephant Seal (c) Gary Linquist



The Roosevelt or Olympic Elk prefers open areas but also seeks out forests.  This is the largest of the four remaining subspecies of elk.  

The forest is too dark to get a clear panaromic view even with flash equipment.

Same tree as above but the flash was moved closer. 

The Coast Redwoods range along a narrow strip of habitat along the NW coast of North America.  They provide a home for many species including the puffin-like Marbled Murrelet whose habit of nesting in trees was suspected but not documented until a tree-climber found a chick in 1974.  It was one of the last North American bird species to have its nest described. The Marbled Murrelet has experienced declines due to logging and any significant climate change could impact many species including the Coast Redwood. 

That is a pair of lime green binoculars on the trunk of this Coast Redwood that was over 20 feet in diameter.

Link to videos of the largest tree in the world being measured.

http://www.monumentaltrees.com/en/trees/coastredwood/video/